History of Paper
Paper is a thin, flat material, produced by the compression of fibers derived from the pulp. Fibers used are usually natural, and contains cellulose and hemicellulose.
The paper is known as the main medium for writing, printing and painting and many other uses that can be done with paper such as cleaning paper (tissue) is used for dishes, cleaning or toilet.
The existence of the paper is a new revolution in the world of writing that contribute a great significance in world civilization. Before the paper was found, the nations first to use a tablet of baked clay. This can be found from the Sumerian civilization, Inscription from stone, wood, bamboo, leather or animal bones, silk, and even a woven palm leaf manuscript found in texts such as the archipelago some centuries ago.
[Edit] History
Ancient Egyptian civilization contributed papyrus as writing media. The use of papyrus as a writing medium is used in the civilization of ancient Egypt during the dynastic pharaohs and then spread throughout the Middle East to Rome in the Mediterranean Sea and spread across Europe, although the use of papyrus are still perceived as expensive. From the word papyrus (papyrus) that is known as a paper in English, papier in Dutch, German, French, for example, or papel in Spanish which means paper.
Are recorded in the history of Chinese civilization which contributed paper for the World. Tsai Lun is to find a paper from bamboo materials are easily available all over China in the year 101 AD. This discovery eventually spread to Japan and Korea over the spread of the nations of China to the east and the development of civilization in the region although it was originally a way of making paper is very confidential.
In the end, the paper-making techniques fall into the hands of the Arabs in the Abbasid period, especially after the defeat of the Tang Dynasty forces in the Battle of Talas in 751 AD in which the prisoners of war teaches how to make paper to the Arabs that the Abbasid era, there was paper industry centers both in Baghdad and Samarkand and other industrial cities, then spread to Italy and India, and Europe, especially after the Crusades and the fall of Grenada from the Moors in the hands of the Spaniards and to the world.
[Edit] Making the paper
Main articles See also: The technique of making paper
In 1799, a Frenchman named Nicholas Louis Robert invented a process for making sheets of paper in a moving wire screen, through improvements of this tool is now known as the Fourdrinier machine. Invention of the printing cylinder by John Dickinson in 1809 has led to increasing use of machinery in the manufacture of Fourdrinier paper-thin paper. 1826, steam cylinder for the first time used in drying and in 1927 the United States began using the Fourdrinier machine.
Increased production by Fourdrinier and cylinder machines has led to a growing need for raw materials used fabric that more and more reduced. In 1814, Friedrich Gottlob Keller discovered the mechanical process of making pulp from wood, but the quality of paper produced is low. Around the year 1853-1854, Hugh Burgess and Charles Watt developed the manufacture of paper by using the soda process. 1857, an American chemist named Benjamin Chew Tilghman get British Patent for sulfite process. Pulp produced from the sulfite process is good and ready bleached. Kraft process resulting from the experimental basis by Carl Dahl in 1884 in Danzig. This process is commonly called sulphate process, as Na2SO4 is used as the chemical make-up for the rest of the cooking solution.
